Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond) at Polonnaruwa Kingdom

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The Nelum Pokuna, or Lotus Bath, in Polonnaruwa is an architectural masterpiece of the 12th century, attributed to King Parakramabahu I. Unlike the more functional rectangular baths found near the Royal Palace, this granite structure is a literal “blossom in stone,” designed with exceptional precision to serve the monks of the Jetavana Vihara.

The pokuna, or bathing structures found in Polonnaruwa, are generally of modest dimensions. Notable examples include the architecturally refined Kumara Pokuna located near the palace of King Parakramabahu I (r. 1153-1186), the bath situated close to the rest house and believed to have belonged to King Nissanka Malla (r. 1187-1196), and the simpler bathing facilities associated with the Alahana Pirivena.

The Hidden Jewel: Nelum Pokuna

Amid these, a remarkable example of pokuna architecture lies somewhat secluded along the road leading toward the northern part of the ancient city. This site remains distant from the heavily visited quadrangle area, where numerous ruins from different dynasties—each reflecting distinct architectural styles—are concentrated.

The Nelum Pokuna, or Lotus Bath, is a uniquely designed stone bath constructed in the form of descending tiers resembling an eight-petalled lotus. The structure is crafted from finely cut granite, executed with exceptional precision, making it particularly striking even to modern observers. Its setting, surrounded by a tranquil, garden-like environment with ancient flowering trees, further enhances its aesthetic appeal.

Historical Context and Attribution

The Mahawamsa, the great chronicle of Sri Lanka, records the construction of several lotus-shaped ponds by King Parakramabahu I. The Nelum Pokuna is widely believed to be one such structure, possibly built to serve the monks of the Jetavana Vihara.

Architectural Description

In the Archaeological Commissioner’s Annual Report (1990), this granite structure is praised for its artistic excellence. The description invites the reader to envision a fully bloomed lotus carved from granite, measuring approximately 7.54 meters (24 feet 9 inches) in diameter. It consists of five concentric series of eight petals each, gradually diminishing toward a central stamen measuring about 1.63 meters (5 feet 4 inches) across.

In a reversal of natural form, instead of presenting a convex bloom, the lotus is sculpted into a concave shape, descending to a depth of approximately 1.37 meters (4 feet 6 inches).

Experience and Preservation

Despite its uniqueness, the Nelum Pokuna remains overlooked by many visitors. Those who encounter it during quieter times, such as early morning or evening, often find it to be a place of exceptional serenity and charm, leaving a lasting impression with each visit to Polonnaruwa.

References in the Mahawamsa

The Mahawamsa further mentions that eight lotus-shaped ponds were constructed during the reign of King Parakramabahu I. Some of these have since been rediscovered within forested areas, having remained buried over time. Restoration work on additional lotus ponds has been initiated by the Department of Archaeology, to recover and preserve these remarkable hydraulic and architectural features.

Mahawamsa, the great chronicle of Sri Lanka, speaks of 8 lotus-shaped ponds that were built by King Parakramabahu. Some of these ponds have been discovered hidden in the jungle, buried in time. The Department of Archaeology started restoration work on two more Lotus Ponds in 2019. They are respectively named “Lotus Pond II” and “Lotus Pond III.”

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Map of Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond) at the Ancient Capital of Polonnaruwa

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Driving Directions to Polonnaruwa Sacred City

The modern town of Polonnaruwa is also known as New Town, and the other part of Polonnaruwa remains the ancient royal city of the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa.

Route from Colombo to Polonnaruwa Sacred City	Route from Kandy to Polonnaruwa Sacred City
Through: Central Highway—Kurunegala—Dambulla Distance from Colombo: 230 km Travel Time: 5 hours Driving Directions: See on Google Maps.	Through: Maradankadawala–Habarana Distance: 103 km Travel Time: 2 hours Driving Directions: see on Google Maps.
Route from Anuradhapura to Polonnaruwa Sacred City	Route from Batticaloa to Polonnaruwa Sacred City
Through: Maradankadawala–Habarana Distance: 103 km Travel Time: 2 hours Driving Directions: See on Google Maps.	Through: Maradankadawala–Habarana Distance: 103 km Travel Time : 2 hours Driving Directions: see on Google Maps.